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指揮與控制:核武器、大馬士革事故與安全假象(出版書) 現代 艾裏克·施洛瑟/譯者:張金勇 小説txt下載 最新章節列表

時間:2026-01-28 04:33 /玄學小説 / 編輯:盧俊義
甜寵新書《指揮與控制:核武器、大馬士革事故與安全假象(出版書)》是艾裏克·施洛瑟/譯者:張金勇最新寫的一本軍事、玄幻奇幻、猥瑣小説,故事中的主角是肯尼迪,爾德斯,鮑威爾,內容主要講述:[74] See “Resilient Military Systems and the Advanced Cyber Threat,” Task Force ...

指揮與控制:核武器、大馬士革事故與安全假象(出版書)

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《指揮與控制:核武器、大馬士革事故與安全假象(出版書)》章節

[74] See “Resilient Military Systems and the Advanced Cyber Threat,” Task Force Report,Defense Science Board,Department of Defense,January 2013,pp. 7,42,85.

[75] See “Hearing to Receive Testimony on U.S. Strategic Command and U.S. Cyber Command in Review of the Defense Authorization Request for Fiscal Year 2014 and the Future Years Defense Program,” Committee on Armed Services,United States Senate,113th Congress,March 12,2013,p. 10.

[76] See “Hearing to Receive Testimony on U.S. Strategic Command and U.S. Cyber Command in Review of the Defense Authorization Request for Fiscal Year 2014 and the Future Years Defense Program,” Committee on Armed Services,United States Senate,113th Congress,March 12,2013,p. 10.

[77] See “Hearing to Receive Testimony on U.S. Strategic Command and U.S. Cyber Command in Review of the Defense Authorization Request for Fiscal Year 2014 and the Future Years Defense Program,” Committee on Armed Services,United States Senate,113th Congress,March 12,2013,p. 22.

[78] See Mark Bowden,The Finish:The Killing of Osama Bin Laden(New York:Atlantic Monthly Press,2012),pp. 216-64.

[79] See National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States,The 9/11 Commission Report:Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States(New York:W. W. Norton,2004),pp. 1-46.

[80] 9月11上午8:46:40,世界貿易中心被第一架飛機擊;第二架飛機於9:03:11向該建築物;五角大樓在9:37:46遭到擊;美國聯航空公司93號航班於10:03:11墜毀在賓夕法尼亞州尚克斯維爾(Shanksville)附近的一片田地。相較於美國的指揮與控制系統在遭受蘇聯導彈擊時應該做出果斷回應所需要的時間,這77分31秒就是永恆。關於2001年9月11上午所發生之事的時間順序,可參見9/11 Commission Report,pp. 32-33。

[81] 9/11 Commission Report,p. 40.

[82] 報告指出:“總統和副總統告訴我們,他們並不知應特勤局的要而且是在軍事指揮系統之外,戰鬥機已經從安德魯斯空軍基地起飛了。” 9/11 Commission Report,p. 44.

[83] 此處以及面的這些數字都來自漢斯·克里斯滕森,他是美國科學家聯盟核信息項目的主任。克里斯滕森多年來一直都是核問題的可靠信息來源以及孜孜不倦的研究者。See Hans M. Kristensen,“Trimming Nuclear Excess:Options for Further Reductions of U.S. and Russian Nuclear Forces,” Federation of American Scientists,Special Report No. 5,December 2012,p. 15.

[84] Cited in Hans M. Kristensen and Robert S. Norris,“U.S. Nuclear Forces,2013,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists(March/April 2013),p. 77.

[85] Cited in Hans M. Kristensen and Robert S. Norris,“U.S. Nuclear Forces,2013,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists(March/April 2013),p. 77.

[86] Cited in Hans M. Kristensen and Robert S. Norris,“U.S. Nuclear Forces,2013,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists(March/April 2013),p. 77.

[87] Cited in Hans M. Kristensen and Robert S. Norris,“U.S. Nuclear Forces,2013,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists(March/April 2013),p. 77.

[88] Cited in Hans M. Kristensen and Robert S. Norris,“U.S. Nuclear Forces,2013,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists(March/April 2013),p. 77.

[89] 關於當的核作戰計劃的最詳調查,可參見Hans M. Kristensen,“Obama and the Nuclear War Plan,” Federation of the American Scientists Issue Brief,February 2010。

[90] Quoted in Hans M. Kristensen,“Obama and the Nuclear War Plan,” Federation of the American Scientists Issue Brief,February 2010,p. 7.

[91] Quoted in Hans M. Kristensen,“Obama and the Nuclear War Plan,” Federation of the American Scientists Issue Brief,February 2010,p. 3.

[92] Quoted in Hans M. Kristensen,“Obama and the Nuclear War Plan,” Federation of the American Scientists Issue Brief,February 2010,p. 5.

[93] See Walter Pincus,“Nuclear Complex Upgrades Related to START Treaty to Cost $180 Billion,” Washington Post,May 14,2010.

[94] Cited in Kristensen,“Trimming Nuclear Excess,” p. 10.

[95] 要想大致瞭解世界上的核武器國家的核武庫規模及其核武器現代化計劃,可參見Ian Kearns,“Beyond the United Kingdom:Trends in the Other Nuclear Armed States,” Discussion Paper 1 of the BASIC Trident Commission,November 2011。關於法國核武器項目的討論可見於第20頁。

[96] 英國另有65個彈頭處於存儲狀,因此彈頭總數約為225個。Cited in Richard Norton-Taylor,“Britain’s Nuclear Arsenal is 225 Warheads,Reveals William Hague,” Guardian(UK),May 26,2010.

[97] Cited in Hans M. Kristensen and Robert S. Norris,“Chinese Nuclear Forces,2011,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,November 1,2011,p. 81.就目來講,人們普遍認為中國正在擴大其核武庫的規模,但中國在地下藏着3000個核彈頭的説法是不太可信的。關於中國傳統的最低限度威懾政策,可參見M. Taylor Fravel and Evan S. Medeiros,“China’s Search for Assured Retaliation:The Evolution of Chinese Nuclear Strategy and Force Structure,” International Security,vol. 35,no. 2(Fall 2010),pp. 7-44。關於另一種對中國核政策的極為不同的解釋,可參見Bret Stephens,“How Many Nukes Does China Have?,” Wall Street Journal,October 24,2011。

[98] See Stephens,“How Many Nukes,” and William Wan,“Georgetown Students Shed Light on China’s Tunnel System for Nuclear Weapons,” Washington Post,November 29,2011.

[99] See Mary Beth Nikitin,“North Korea’s Nuclear Weapons:Technical Issues,” CRS Report for Congress,Congressional Research Service,April 3,2013,p. 4.

[100] Cited in Mary Beth Nikitin,“North Korea’s Nuclear Weapons:Technical Issues,” CRS Report for Congress,Congressional Research Service,April 3,2013,p. 15.

[101] Quoted in Sagan,Limits of Safety,p. 266. 該引文最先出現在Gary Milhollin,“Building Saddam Hussein’s Bomb,” New York Times,March 8,1992。

[102] 關於俄羅斯戰略量的老化及其潛在的不穩定影響,可參見David E. Mosher,Lowell H. Schwartz,David R. Howell,and Lynn E. Davis,Beyond the Nuclear Shadow:A Phased Approach for Improving Nuclear Safety and U.S.-Russian Relations(Santa Monica,CA:RAND,2003)。

[103] 關於冷戰結束多年發生的這種錯誤警報的故事,可參見David Hoffman,“Cold War Doctrines Refuse to Die,” Washington Post,March 15,1998。

[104] 這是我個人的觀點,但不幸的是,已經有大量的文獻支持這一觀點。斯科特·D.薩主編的Inside Nuclear South Asia(Stanford:Stanford University Press,2009)一書中有兩篇極為出的論文:S.保羅·卡普爾(S. Paul Kapur)撰寫的“Revisionist Ambitions,Conventional Capabilities,and Nuclear Instability:Why Nuclear South Asia Is Not Like Cold War Europe”,以及薩本人撰寫的“The Evolution of Pakistani and Indian Doctrine”。另一本極佳的專著是Feroz Hassan Khan的Eating Grass:The Making of the Pakistani Bomb(Stanford:Stanford Security Series,2012)。保羅·布萊肯的The Second Nuclear Age:Strategy,Danger,and the New Power Politics(New York:Times Books,2012)中有一個引人入勝的章節就是關於南亞的核戰爭風險。布萊肯研究指揮與控制的重要已有30多年了。就眼下而言,英國學者肖恩·格雷戈裏(Shaun Gregory)的工作似乎特別切題,他研究了巴基斯坦為保障其核武器安全所做的諸多努。在此之,他撰寫了一本關於核武器事故的書以及一本關於北約部隊的指揮與控制問題的書。我從與格雷戈裏的對談以及他的作品中獲益良多,其是:“The Security of Nuclear Weapons in Pakistan,” Pakistan Security Research Unit,Brief Number 22,November 18,2007;“The Terrorist Threat to Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapons,” CTC Sentinel,Combating Terrorism Center at West Point,July 2009,pp. 1-4;and “Terrorist Tactics in Pakistan Threaten Nuclear Weapons Safety,” CTC Sentinel,Combating Terrorism Center at West Point,June 2011,pp. 4-7。

[105] Cited in Bracken,The Second Nuclear Age,p. 162.

[106] 估計數量為90~110件。Cited in Paul K. Kerr and Mary Beth Nikitin,“Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapons:Proliferation and Security Issues,” CRS Report for Congress,Congressional Research Service,March 19,2013,p. 5.

[107] See Gregory,“Terrorist Tactics in Pakistan,” pp. 5-6.

[108] Gregory,“Terrorist Tactics in Pakistan,”,pp. 6-7.

[109] Cited in Stephen I. Schwartz,ed.,Atomic Audit:The Costs and Consequences of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Since 1940(Washington,D.C.:Brookings Insitution,1998),p. 102.

[110] 換一種説法就是,如果一件核武器被偷或者發生意外爆炸,此事在整個核武庫中的概率只比0.001%大一點。

[111] 由於不同國家相關記錄情況的差異,任何關於它們的工業事故發生率之間的比較都是不甚精確的。儘管如此,已彙編的數字確實可以反映出工人們對技術的相對掌程度。正如該研究的作者們所發現的那樣,“發達國家與發展中國家之間的工業事故發生率差異顯著”。發達國家的工作場所更加安全;每年大約35萬人在工作時亡,而這主要發生在發展中國家。See P?ivi H?m?l?inen,Jukka Takala,and Kaija Leena Saarela,“Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents,” Safety Science,no. 44(2006),pp. 137-56.

[112] 據該研究,美國的工業事故發生率為每10萬名工人中有3959人,而印度的這一概率是每10萬人中有8763人。P?ivi H?m?l?inen,Jukka Takala,and Kaija Leena Saarela,“Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents,” Safety Science,no. 44(2006),pp. 145,147.

[113] 伊朗的這個概率是每10萬人中有12845人。P?ivi H?m?l?inen,Jukka Takala,and Kaija Leena Saarela,“Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents,” Safety Science,no. 44(2006),p. 153.

[114] 巴基斯坦的概率為每10萬人中有15809人。P?ivi H?m?l?inen,Jukka Takala,and Kaija Leena Saarela,“Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents,” Safety Science,no. 44(2006),p. 148.

[115] George P. Shultz,William J. Perry,Henry A. Kissinger,and Sam Nunn,“A World Free of Nuclear Weapons,” Wall Street Journal,January 4,2007.

[116] George P. Shultz,William J. Perry,Henry A. Kissinger,and Sam Nunn,“A World Free of Nuclear Weapons,” Wall Street Journal,January 4,2007.

[117] Cited in Madeleine Albright and Igor Ivanov,“A New Agenda for U.S.-Russia Cooperation,” New York Times,December 30,2012.

[118] 如果想詳瞭解當今世界的反對核武器運,可參見Philip Taubman,The Partnership:Five Cold Warriors and Their Quest to Ban the Bomb(New York:HarperCollins,2012)。如果想詳瞭解核裁軍可能會如何行,可參見“Modernizing U.S. Nuclear Strategy,Force Structure and Posture,” Global Zero U.S. Nuclear Policy Commission,May 2012。而關於與此完全相反的一種觀點,可參見Rebeccah Heindrichs and Baker Spring,“Deterrence and Nuclear Targeting in the 21st Century,” Backgrounder on Arms Control and Nonproliferation,The Heritage Foundation,November 30,2012。

[119] “Remarks by President Barack Obama,Hradcany Square,Prague,Czech Republic,” The White House,Office of the Press Secretary,April 5,2009.

[120] “Remarks by President Barack Obama,Hradcany Square,Prague,Czech Republic,” The White House,Office of the Press Secretary,April 5,2009.

[121] “Remarks by President Barack Obama,Hradcany Square,Prague,Czech Republic,” The White House,Office of the Press Secretary,April 5,2009.

[122] 納恩是68歲,佩裏是80歲,基辛格是83歲,爾茨是86歲。

[123] 關於布什政府計劃如何使用核武器的分析,可參見Charles L. Glaser and Steve Fetter,“Counterforce Revisited:Assessing the Nuclear Posture Review’s New Missions,” International Security,vol. 30,no. 2(Fall 2005),pp. 84-126。

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指揮與控制:核武器、大馬士革事故與安全假象(出版書)

指揮與控制:核武器、大馬士革事故與安全假象(出版書)

作者:艾裏克·施洛瑟/譯者:張金勇
類型:玄學小説
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時間:2026-01-28 04:33

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